Contributed by: Pambos Ioannides, Andrew Demetriou and Christos Frakalas
Chambers ‘Litigation 2021’ Global Practice Guide.
015_CYPRUS-LPClick here for the full Practice Guide as published online by Chambers.
Contributed by: Pambos Ioannides, Andrew Demetriou and Christos Frakalas
Chambers ‘Litigation 2021’ Global Practice Guide.
015_CYPRUS-LPClick here for the full Practice Guide as published online by Chambers.
Introduction
It has been said by no lesser authority than Boris Johnson himself that history teaches us that a world wide event such as the Covid-19 pandemic cannot pass without leaving some lasting change.
We have all seen that it has opened our eyes and eased a wide spread reticence about remote working we are now more ready to accept it and do not feel that working from home is akin to “skiving off” school.
The pandemic has also shown us that virtual meetings can be on most occasions be more flexible and more efficient than face to face meetings. They also tend to be shorter.
It is most encouraging that the ICC has incorporated the above “lessons of the pandemic” into its revision of the ICC Arbitration rules. This is however by no means the only step forward that the ICC has made in the context of its arbitration rules. There are further and perhaps more significant changes, these are analyzed below:
The Objectives and Salient Features of the New 2021 ICC Rules
The ICC lists the following objectives of the new rules:
The New ICC Arbitration Rules in Summary
On 1 December 2020, the ICC launched its updated ICC Arbitration Rules 2021.
These rules will apply to cases filed from 1 January 2021.
I have attempted to group the changes into various general headings showing which areas of the arbitral process are affected by the new rules and what each amendment is seeking to achieve.
Jurisdiction
Expedited Arbitrations
It is clear that the introduction of “expedited arbitrations” by the ICC has been a success. Since 2017 when the procedure was introduced the ICC has administered close to 150 “expedited arbitrations”. Under the previous rules the financial opt-out threshold was US$2 million. In an effort to build on the success of this procedure the threshold has now been raised to US$3 million for arbitration agreements concluded on or after 1 January 2021.
The Arbitration Agreement
Article 12(8): The new rule allows the Court to disregard “unconscionable arbitration agreements”, in disputes involving multiple claimants or multiple respondents, where necessary to avoid “significant risk of unequal treatment and unfairness that may affect the validity of the award”.
Funding of Parties
Article 11(7): The new rule requires party to communicate promptly to the tribunal, the other parties and the ICC Secretariat, the identity of “any non-party which has entered into an arrangement for the funding of claims or defences and under which it has an economic interest in the outcome of the arbitration”.
The Arbitral Tribunal
Article 13(6): The new rule introduces a requirement for neutrality in ICC treaty-based arbitrations by disallowing all arbitrators on the tribunal from holding the same nationality of any of the parties (unless the parties agree otherwise).
Article 29(6)(c): The new rule provides that the ICC “emergency arbitrator” provisions are unavailable for ICC treaty-based arbitrations.
Procedural Measures
Article 10(b): The new rule clarifies that consolidation may be ordered where “all of the claims in the arbitrations are made under the same arbitration agreement or agreements”.
Article 10(c): The new rule supplements the amendment to Article 10 (b) in that it allows consolidation to also be ordered when “the arbitrations are between the same parties, the disputes in the arbitrations arise in connection with the same legal relationship, and the Court finds the arbitration agreements to be compatible”.
Article 17: The new rule requires parties to give the tribunal, the other parties and the ICC Secretariat timely notice of any change in their legal representation. The tribunal is also given the power to refuse a request for a change in representation or to limit the participation new legal representatives. This rule is clearly aimed at minimizing and even avoiding delays to the arbitral process arising from “tactical” changes of representation. Watch this space for challenges to awards where arbitrators have refused changes in representation and have not given sound reasons for doing so.
Article 22(2): The amendment to this rule places a positive duty on the tribunal to adopt such procedural measures it considers appropriate. The amendment contains mandatory language using the words “shall adopt” rather than the former optional or permissive language “may adopt”. The duty for the tribunal to adopt and impose “appropriate procedural measures” rather than permission to do so under the old rule is, in short, an imposition of efficiency. Arbitrators must therefore be wary of the exposure that a failure to act in accordance with this duty will entail.
Article 26: The new rule empowers tribunals to decide “after consultation with the parties and consideration of the relevant circumstances of the particular case” whether to hearings should be conducted physically or virtually. The wording is important. It speaks of consultation with the parties and consideration of relevant circumstances. The tribunal does not require the consent or agreement of the parties but must act judicially when reaching a decision as to whether to hold a virtual or a physical / viva voce hearing.
The Award
Article 36(3): The new rule allows a party to request, within 30 days of receipt of an award, the tribunal to issue an additional award to rule on claims raised in the proceedings but not addressed in the award.
Conclusion
The 2021 revision to the ICC Rules have taken concrete steps both to empower and oblige arbitrators to conduct arbitrations having in mind the requirement for “efficiency, flexibility and transparency”.
It is good to see that the ICC is in touch with not only the times but also the urgent need to make arbitrations as efficient and as transparent as possible in terms of procedure, the conduct of the ICC arbitration and the issue and completion of a valid and meaningful award.
It is also important to note that the ICC has also address concerns raised in the specific field of investment treaty arbitration which were valid. In doing so the ICC can move forward in this increasingly important sector of business with confidence and decisiveness and to establish itself as the major investment treaty arbitral forum.
For the purposes of reading the full text of the 2021 ICC Arbitration Rules see the official ICC link below:
https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/rules-of-arbitration/rules-of-arbitration-2021/
In light of the UK withdrawal from the EU and in the absence of an agreement that allows insurers and brokers to continue to service clients and risks located in EU countries, UK insurance firms shall no longer have passporting rights to European markets including Cyprus.
Passporting rights allow firms registered in the EEA to do business in other EEA states without additional authorisation being given from each country. Without passporting rights, UK intermediaries may not be permitted to place certain European risks with insurers. Many insurers have been restructuring their business, planning the relocation or opening of new branches in EU27 member locations including Cyprus. This will allow them to continue to operate within the EU27 following Brexit as well as in other jurisdictions where the EU has bilateral trade or services agreements.
The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (“EIOPA”) has published a number of recommendations intended to facilitate an orderly transition of UK insurance business in EU states post Brexit (the “Recommendations”). The Recommendations set out a number of principles that will apply to in respect of the conduct of UK insurance firms which essentially prohibit new business (including renewals) but allows ongoing administration of insurance contracts which were incepted before 31 December 2020 until such time they expire or are terminated on the basis of Recommendation 6 (which effectively states that the location of the risk remains in the UK (on the assumption that the risk was first underwritten by a UK insurance entity).
In response to EIOPA Recommendations the Insurance Companies Control Office (the “Cyprus Insurances Regulator”) has indicated that it intends to follow and apply all the Recommendations and that they will be issuing relevant orders for business written in Cyprus by UK companies with respect to each Recommendations, before the UK withdrawal date.
Whilst, the Cyprus Regulator has yet to issue relevant orders in connection to the Recommendations, Law 19(I)/2020 was published and is effective on the 6th March 2020. The said law, by amending national relevant law, aims to regulate the services offered by British insurance companies in Cyprus and essentially, the run-off of UK insurance and non-insurance business which was sold in Cyprus to customers before 31st December 2020. The new legislation grants to insurance companies and insurance agents offering insurance products from the United Kingdom to the Republic of Cyprus a two-year grace period by which they may continue managing the affected portfolios as follows:
For the affected insurance companies to continue offering services after the 2-year grace period a relevant license from the Cyprus Insurances Regulator must be obtained.
It is clear from the above that, UK intermediaries and entities which intend to continue or commence distribution activities to EU27 policyholders and for EU27 risks after the UK’s withdrawal are established and registered in the EU27 in line with the relevant provisions of the IDD. Recommendation 9 requires that intermediaries, which are legal persons, demonstrate adequate corporate substance, proportionate to the nature, scale and complexity of their business. Intermediaries should not display the characteristics of an empty shell.
Our firm provides legal advice and services with respect to the re-domiciliation or new formation of a Cyprus Intermediary (broker, agent etc.) pursuant to the provisions of applicable Cyprus laws which essentially adhere to and adopt the provisions of Directive (EU) 2016/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 January 2016 on insurance distribution (the “IDD”).
Our firm also advises with respect to Cyprus law matters that may arise with respect to the business of a UK firm including in the context of a UK firm executing an insurance business transfer to an EU group entity to ensure continuity of service and to eliminate any potential detriment to those customers, i.e. transferring customers to whom policies were sold under their freedom of services passporting permissions. Such transfer can resolve the issue of having EEA domiciled customers (whose policies were sold under the freedom of services passporting permissions) by transferring them to EU subsidiaries, however, UK insurers may still have customers who have been sold a product or contract in the UK, but who relocate to an EEA country. This will continue to occur post Brexit and it is expected that the Cyprus Insurances Regulator will also address this issue in due course.
I. Introduction
Concerns in the European Community were raised by the European Parliament’s (EU) decision of 23 October 2020, rejecting the European breeders’ demand for a ban on the use of the terms “burger”, “steak” and “sausage” in products which consist exclusively of plant ingredients. This decision could be described as unpredictable given the position of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on a similar issue in Case 422/16 TofuTown[i].
Before reviewing the recent decision of the European Parliament, it would be useful to briefly analyze the position of the CJEU in the Case 422/16 TofuTown[ii].
II) Decision in the Case 422/16 TofuTown on the Use of Dairy Names with Purely Plant-based Products
The CJEU in a reference for a preliminary ruling of the German tier regional court of Trier, had to decide whether the practice of a company using the term “milk” and other similar terms referring to dairy products, such as “cream”, “butter”, “cheese”, in order to name purely plant products is allowed[iii]. The CJEU approached this question by invoking Article 78 and the relevant Annexes to Regulation 1308/2013[iv].
Pursuant to Part III of Annex VII to the Regulation 1308/2013, “milk” means exclusively the normal mammary secretion obtained from one or more milkings without either addition thereto or extraction therefrom. Similarly, “dairy products” means products derived exclusively from milk and may be added to substances necessary for their manufacture, provided that such substances are not used for the purpose of wholly or partially replacing any of the constituents of milk.
The CJEU, applying a literal interpretation of the Regulation 1308/2013, ruled that a company may not label purely plant products in their marketing or advertising as “milk”, “cream”, “butter”, “cheese” “Yogurt”, even if those terms are expanded upon by clarifying or descriptive terms indicating the plant-based origin of the products concerned[v]. Special reference was also made to the Decision 2010/791 of the European Commission, which established a list of certain products of plant origin which may exceptionally include in their names, words relating to milk or milk products[vi]. This list includes names such as “coconut milk”, “horse-radish cream”, “cocoa butter”. Therefore, based on the CJEU decision, TofuTown was banned from using names such as “tofu butter” and “veggie cheese” and “vegetable cheese” to describe its plant products.
Based on this approach, the term “soya milk” cannot be used, as soy is a purely plant product, while milk based on the regulation, can only be used for products made from animals. Respectively, the use of terms such as “almond milk” and “oat milk” are not permitted. Although almond milk and oat milk are not on the list of exceptions, they tend to be marketed as “almond drink” and “oat drink”[vii] as the use of term “drink” instead of the term “milk” is allowed.
III) EU rejects proposal to ban labeling plant-based meals as veggie ‘burgers’
At the initiative of the European Farmers’ Union, in October 2020 a campaign called “this is not a steak” was launched in order to achieve a European level ban on the use of the terms “burger”, “steak” and “sausage” when they consist of vegetable ingredients. A typical example is the “veggie burger” or “veggie sausages”, which are considered as alternatives to meat. The main arguments of farmers are the confusion that can be caused by the use of such names to consumers who want to buy animal-based burgers, steaks, or sausages, as well as the economic damage to the agricultural sector. The initiative and expediency for this campaign stems from the significant increase in the consumption of products that are considered as alternatives to meat and dairy products, a fact of particular concern for professionals involved in the livestock sector. However, the European Parliament rejected this position, voting against the proposal to ban the naming of plant products with names such as “burger”, “steak” and “sausage”.
IV) Critical Review
It should be noted that the finding in the judgment of the CJEU in the referred question and the outcome in the recent decision of the European Parliament are conflicting, despite the fact that similar issues are raised in both cases. In particular, the CJEU had the obligation to formulate its judgment by applying the requirements of Regulation 1308/2013 to the facts that framed the reference for a preliminary ruling. The wording of both Article 78 and Part III of Annex VII to the above Regulation is clear. Α different approach from the one adopted would be tantamount to judicial activism as the Regulation 1308/2013 is the political will of the EU Member States on how they want to regulate certain issues in a particular sector of the economy. The ruling of the CJEU Union on the referred question is therefore justified.
On the contrary, the decision of the European Parliament can be characterized as incompatible with the previous EU policy on the common agricultural policy, taking into account the Regulation 1308/2013. The decision created a disparity in the way certain products are regulated in the same sector of the economy, the agricultural sector.
Therefore, taking into account,
inter alia, the changes in the dietary habits of European
consumers the
EU should act immediately at institutional level in order to eliminate the current
situation of disparity. In particular, what is proposed is the extension of the Decision 2010/791[viii]
by including more products, in order to allow the use of terms such as
“soya milk”, “almond milk”, “soy yoghurt”,
“tofu butter”, ” rice cream “, in order to comply with the
recent decision of the European Parliament. Alternatively, it is proposed to
adopt a new piece of legislation through which the use of the above-mentioned
descriptions will be regulated uniformly and comprehensively for both cases
analyzed. It seems that the debate on the permissibility of the use or not of
the above-mentioned names is not yet over.
[i] C-422/16,Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v. TofuTown.com GmbH (2017) ECLI: EU: C: 2017: 458.
[ii] C-422/16,Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v. TofuTown.com GmbH (2017) ECLI: EU: C: 2017: 458.
[iii] C-422/16,Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v. TofuTown.com GmbH (2017) ECLI: EU: C: 2017: 458, para 20.
[iv] Regulation (EU) no. Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organization of the market in agricultural products and repealing Regulations (EEC) No 2454/93 (EEC) No 922/72 (EC) No 234/79, 1037/2001 and (EC) no. Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (2013) OJ L 347.
[v] C-422/16,Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v. TofuTown.com GmbH (2017) ECLI: EU: C: 2017: 458.
[vi] C-422/16,Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v. TofuTown.com GmbH (2017) ECLI: EU: C: 2017: 458, paras 9, 10 and 11.
[vii] B. Bolton, ‘Dairy’s Monopoly on Words: The Historical Context and Implications of the TofuTown Decision’ (2017) 12 Eur Food & Feed L Rev 422.
[viii] 2010/791/EU: Commission Decision of 20 December 2010 listing the products referred to in the second subparagraph of point III(1) of Annex XII to Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (notified under document C(2010) 8434), OJ L 336.
Abstract:
This article attempts to critically examine the legal protection that the traditional cheese of Cyprus named halloumi could receive in the field of intellectual property law in the light of the European Union law and, in particular, under the status of Protected Designation of Origin and the status of Protected Geographical Indication. Crucial to the issue is the Regulation 1151/2012, which establishes the framework and the content of protection that halloumi can receive under the abovementioned schemes.
Keywords:
Protected Designation of Origin – Protected Geographical Indication – Halloumi – Traditional Cheese
I. Introduction
It is undeniable that the European Union (EU) has a common geographical policy, with significant benefits in regards to the quality of European products and to European producers and consumers. These policies derived from the Regulation 2017/1001 on the EU trademark and the Regulation 1151/2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. The analysis of this article will be based on the abovementioned regulations.
II. Regulation 1151/2012 on quality systems for agricultural products and food
With the enactment of the Regulation 1151/2012 (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulation”) and taking into account the increased demand of European consumers for agricultural products and high quality food with specific characteristics associated with a certain geographical origin, the European legislator, guided by both the benefit of farmers and producers as well as the benefit of consumers, seeks to establish rules for the disclosure of these specific characteristics. The Regulation, starting with the strongest protection and ending with the least strong, introduces four different systems of protection of agricultural products and food: the system of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), the system of Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), the system of Traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) and the system of Optional Quality Terms (OQT). For the purposes of this article, an analysis of the first two systems will follow.
A. Protected Designation of Origin and Protected Geographical Indications Systems
The Regulation establishes an integrated system for the application, registration, use, protection and official control of PDOs and PGIs in the EU in order to prevent misuse, counterfeiting or other false or misleading indication of protected products. The products that fall within the concept of PDO and PGI are occupied by a cultural dimension and are enriched with the idea that they differ from the common products, since their reputation derives from their geographical origin. In other words, they are inextricably linked to their place of origin, as there is an essential link between their characteristics and their geographical origin.
In particular, the PDO and PGI systems aim to ensure fair performance for farmers and producers in terms of quality data and characteristics of a given product or method of production, and to provide clear information on products with particular characteristics related to geographical origin, so that consumers are better informed when choosing products during the purchase process. The protection of PDOs and PGIs is provided through a registration system.
It is noted that the definitions of PDO and PGI under Article 5 of the Regulation are similar. In particular, both systems have the same function of identifying a product as coming from a specific place. However, there are specific differences that give PDO products more protection than PGI products.
Specifically, products identified as PDOs have stronger links with their place of origin, since all stages of their production must take place there. It is emphasized that PDO products are strongly associated with specific areas, in which there are special natural or human factors. Natural and human factors take the form of a number of variables such as climate, geological and hydrological aspects, processing methods, technical knowledge, traditional skills and local customs. Likewise, the source of inspiration for the PDO system is the need for consumer protection. Therefore, the PDO regime imposes strict requirements, which are stated in the product specifications.
On the contrary, PGI products have a looser connection to a specific location, despite the wording that the products must have a specific quality, reputation or other characteristics attributed to the geographical origin, as to qualify a product as a PGI product, only one phase is enough of its production to be performed in the relevant area. Therefore, the raw materials may not come from this area. At the same time, the reputation factor alone is sufficient to justify protection as a PGI.
Despite the aforementioned differences in the specifications for the award of a product as a PDO or as a PGI, it is argued that in practical application there are no substantial differences between the mentioned systems regarding their specificity and quality. It is suggested, that the separation of the two should be lifted.
For the sake of completeness, it should be noted that six hundred forty-two PDOs and seven hundred fifty-six PGI have been registered throughout the EU. Regarding the Cypriot production, the PDO has already been registered “Kolokasi Sotiras / kolokasi- poules sotiras” while as PGI are considered the ” Glyko Triantafyllo Agrou”, the “Paphiko loukaniko”, the “Koufeta amygdalou Geroskipou” and the “loukoumi Geroskipou”.
A.1 Greek feta cheese as a product of PDO
It is a fact that the majority of product names that enjoy PDO protection are related to the geographical name of the region in which they are produced. Indicative examples are the Greek products “Pefkothymaromelo Kritis”, “Galano Metaggitsiou Halkidikis”, “Tomataki Santorinis”, “Prasines Elies Halkidiki”, “Fava Santorinis” and “Stafida Zakynthou”. However, names that are not direct geographical names can also be registered as PDO, such as, the name “feta” as a cheese from Greece.
With regard to the name “feta”, there has been intense controversy and speculation as to whether this name is considered “generic”, ie whether it is a common name for the type of cheese. Pursuant to Article 3 of the prior Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, the common name was considered to be the name of an agricultural product or a food which, although it refers to the place or area where the agricultural product or food in question was originally produced or marketed, has now become the common name of an agricultural product or food. The outcome of the feta decision was crucial. The Court of Justice of the EU (hereinafter referred to as “CoJ”) has ruled that although “feta” and similar expressions do not in themselves constitute a region, they can be registered as PDOs if consumers associate the product with that region of production. The CoJ has taken into account various data on the consumption of the aforementioned product in the Member States (hereinafter referred to as “MS”), which indicate that the name “feta” does not have a common name and can therefore be treated as a PDO. A key factor taken into account by the CoJ in deciding in favor of PDO protection was the fact that a significant proportion of European consumers, in fact, perceived “feta” as a cheese associated with Greece, even if it was actually produced in another MS. At the same time, the CoJ took into account that in other MS, except Greece, feta is usually available in the trade with labels that refer to Greek cultural traditions and Greek culture.
For this reason, the Attorney General, Dāmaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, argued that the memory of the past influences the assessment of whether a name is perceived as common, mainly in order to determine whether that name has always been common. In the present case, the historical background was of great importance since it seems that, already from the Homeric epics, the presence of cheese in Ancient Greece was important.
Furthermore, the CoJ took into account that in Greek legislation the name “feta” is recognized as a PDO for white brine cheese traditionally produced in Greece from sheep’s milk or a mixture of it with goat and exclusively in the regions of Macedonia, Thrace, Epirus, Thessaly, Central Greece, Peloponnese, as well as the Prefecture of Lesvos. There was, therefore, a clearly demarcated area for feta production that includes exclusively the mainland of Greece, as well as the Prefecture of Lesvos. For all the above reasons, the CoJ concluded that the name “feta” is not of a general nature, with the consequence that cheese producers outside the specified area are not allowed to refer to their product as “feta cheese” or “feta”.
A.2 The Cypriot cheese “Halloumi” (“Halloumi) /” Hellim “as a product of Protected Designation of Origin
Regarding the use of the name” Halloumi “(Halloumi) /” Hellim “, it is important to note that since 2014 the process for its establishment as PDO exclusively for cheese produced by Cypriot producers is pending. At the same time, the Republic of Cyprus, as well as other entities such as the Cyprus Dairy Industry Organization and the Foundation for the Protection of Traditional Cypriot Cheese called Halloumi (hereinafter referred to as the “Foundation”) are making efforts to prevent some companies from using the name “halloumi” as a trademark. An example is the Case C-766/18, which shows the Foundation’s attempt (which owns the European collective mark “HALLOUMI”) to prevent a Bulgarian company from registering a figurative mark which also concerns cheece and contains the word “BBQLOUMI”.
It is worth noting that the Secretary-General, Juliane Kokott, defends the position of both the EUIPO (EU Intellectual Property Office) and the EU General Court, arguing that the distinctive character of the term “HALLOUMI” is weak because it describes that cheese. Therefore, despite some similarities between the terms “HALLOUMI” and “BBQLOUMI”, the use of the latter name does not pose a risk of being associated by the public with the producers who are members of the Foundation. However, the decision of the General Court was overturned by the CoJ on 5 March 2020, according to which the fact that the distinctive character of an earlier mark is weak does not preclude the likelihood of confusion. As a result, the decision was referred back to the General Court in order to make a comprehensive assessment of the risk of confusion, which should take into account all the critical factors and their interdependence.
Interesting is the comparison of the collective mark “DARJEELING” with the collective mark “HALLOUMI” by AG Juliane Kokott, who noted that the collective mark “DARJEELING” is an excellent example of the application of the collective European mark because it corresponds to a city name and region of India and at the same time is identified with the famous black tea grown there. In contrast, the mark “HALLOUMI” does not correspond to a specific place name, but can only be associated with one place, ie Cyprus, and this is questionable since it seems that such cheeses are produced in other countries, often under the same or similar names. It is argued that the enjoyment of the PDO system is given to an entire country only “in exceptional cases” and especially when the MS is small. Through this comparison, it could reasonably be said that there would be a better chance of the application being approved for the name “Halloumi” / “Hellim”as PDO, if the product with this name was restricted to specific areas of the Republic of Cyprus and not in its entire territory. In case of failure to register halloumi as a PDO, the Republic of Cyprus may take the appropriate measures in order to protect the product in question under the PGI regime. However, the provision of protection under this regime will be of less scope, as the product will have a weak connection with the Republic of Cyprus and this will result in the encouragement of foreign producers to reap the reputation of the product with the only obligation to carry out only one stage of the production within the demarcated area.
III. Summary
It is considered indisputable that the EU has developed an important system for the protection of European products. However, intense controversy is observed, in the effort to secure absolute protection for the benefit of the cheese “Halloumi” from the Republic of Cyprus and from Cypriot organizations and institutions. As a result of the above, the Republic of Cyprus must immediately proceed with actions that ensure the strong protection of halloumi. It has the obligation to intensify the political negotiations and to collect the necessary data that prove the origin of the product in question, in order to be approved as a PDO or as a PGI. At the same time, through political initiatives, it should conclude bilateral agreements with EU Member States and third States, which will recognize the Cypriot origin of Halloumi and will ensure the shielding of its quality and consequently the Cypriot tradition.
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The above article can also be found in Greek by clicking here.
Ioannides Demetriou LLC is recognised as a leading Oil & Gas law firm in Cyprus. It represents major players in the Cyprus market, including government, semi-government, public and private clients in all aspects of the Oil & Gas supply chain, including upstream, midstream, downstream and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
The following article is featured in Gold, The Business Magazine of Cyprus – Supplement with special feature on Oil & Gas Services in Cyprus.
Ηλιάνα Νικολαΐδου, Δικηγόρος – Ιωαννίδης Δημητρίου ΔΕΠΕ
Abstract:
Το παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί να εξετάσει, από κριτική σκοπιά, τη νομική προστασία που μπορεί να λάβει το κυπριακό παραδοσιακό τυρί χαλλούμι στο δίκαιο της διανοητικής ιδιοκτησίας υπό το πρίσμα του δικαίου της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και, συγκεκριμένα, υπό το καθεστώς της Προστατευόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης και το καθεστώς της Προστατευόμενης Γεωγραφικής Ένδειξης. Καθοριστικής σημασίας επί του ζητήματος είναι ο Κανονισμός 1151/2012, ο οποίος καθιερώνει το πλαίσιο και το περιεχόμενο της προστασίας που μπορεί να λάβει το συγκεκριμένο προϊόν υπό τα προαναφερθέντα καθεστώτα.
Λέξεις κλειδιά:
Προστατευόμενη Ονομασία Προέλευσης – Προστατευόμενη Γεωγραφική Ένδειξη – Χαλλούμι – Τυρί
Είναι αδιάψευστο, ότι η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ) έχει χαράξει μια κοινή γεωγραφική πολιτική, η οποία επιφέρει σημαντικά οφέλη στην ποιότητα των ευρωπαϊκών προϊόντων και στους ευρωπαίους παραγωγούς και καταναλωτές. Καρποί της εν λόγω πολιτικής ορίζονται ο Κανονισμός 2017/1001 για το σήμα της ΕΕ[i] και ο Κανονισμός 1151/2012 για τα συστήματα ποιότητας των γεωργικών προϊόντων και τροφίμων της ΕΕ υπό το πρίσμα των οποίων θα βασιστεί η ανάλυση του παρόντος άρθρου.[ii]
Με τον Κανονισμό 1151/2012 (εφεξής ως ο «Κανονισμός») και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την αυξημένη ζήτηση των Ευρωπαίων καταναλωτών για γεωργικά προϊόντα και τρόφιμα υψηλής ποιότητας με ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά που συνδέονται με ορισμένη γεωγραφική προέλευση, ο Ευρωπαίος νομοθέτης, με γνώμονα τόσο το όφελος των γεωργών και των παραγωγών, όσο και το όφελος των καταναλωτών, επιδιώκει τη θέσπιση κανόνων γνωστοποίησης των συγκεκριμένων ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών.[iii] Ο Κανονισμός, εκκινώντας από την ισχυρότερη προστασία και καταλήγοντας στην λιγότερο ισχυρή, καθιερώνει τέσσερα διαφορετικά συστήματα προστασίας των γεωργικών προϊόντων και τροφίμων: το σύστημα Προστατευόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης[iv] (ΠΟΠ), το σύστημα των Προστατευόμενων Γεωγραφικών Ενδείξεων[v] (ΠΓΕ), το σύστημα των Εγγυημένων Παραδοσιακών Ιδιότυπων Προϊόντων[vi] (ΕΓΙΠ) και το σύστημα των Προαιρετικών Ενδείξεων Ποιότητας[vii] (ΠΕΠ). Για τους σκοπούς του παρόντος άρθρου, θα ακολουθήσει ανάλυση των δύο πρώτων συστημάτων.
Ο Κανονισμός διαμορφώνει ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα για την εφαρμογή, την καταχώριση, τη χρήση, την προστασία και τον επίσημο έλεγχο των ΠΟΠ και ΠΓΕ στην ΕΕ, ώστε να αποφευχθεί η κατάχρηση, απομίμηση ή άλλη ψευδής ή παραπλανητική ένδειξη των προστατευόμενων προϊόντων.[viii] Τα προϊόντα που εμπίπτουν εντός της έννοιας των ΠΟΠ και ΠΓΕ διακατέχονται από μια πολιτιστική διάσταση και εμπλουτίζονται με την ιδέα ότι διαφέρουν από τα κοινά προϊόντα, αφού η φήμη τους πηγάζει από τη γεωγραφική τους προέλευση.[ix] Είναι δηλαδή, άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένα με τον τόπο καταγωγής τους, καθότι, υπάρχει ένας ουσιαστικός δεσμός μεταξύ των χαρακτηριστικών τους και της γεωγραφικής τους προέλευσης.[x]
Ειδικότερα, τα συστήματα ΠΟΠ και ΠΓΕ αποσκοπούν στην εξασφάλιση δίκαιης απόδοσης για τους γεωργούς και τους παραγωγούς, όσον αφορά τα στοιχεία ποιότητας και τα χαρακτηριστικά δεδομένου προϊόντος ή του τρόπου παραγωγής του, και την παροχή σαφούς πληροφόρησης για προϊόντα με ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά συνδεόμενα με τη γεωγραφική προέλευση, ώστε οι καταναλωτές να είναι καλύτερα ενημερωμένοι όταν επιλέγουν τα προϊόντα κατά τη διαδικασία αγοράς.[xi] Η προστασία δε, των ΠΟΠ και ΠΓΕ παρέχεται μέσω ενός συστήματος καταχώρισης.[xii]
Παρατηρείται ότι οι κατ’ άρθρο 5 του Κανονισμού ορισμοί των εννοιών ΠΟΠ και ΠΓΕ είναι παρόμοιοι. Ειδικότερα, και τα δύο συστήματα έχουν την ίδια λειτουργία αναγνώρισης ενός προϊόντος ως προερχόμενου από συγκεκριμένο τόπο.[xiii] Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν συγκεκριμένες διαφορές, οι οποίες προσδίδουν στα προϊόντα ΠΟΠ μεγαλύτερη προστασία συγκριτικά με τα προϊόντα ΠΓΕ.
Συγκεκριμένα, τα προϊόντα που αναγνωρίζονται ως ΠΟΠ, έχουν ισχυρότερους δεσμούς με τον τόπο από τον οποίο κατάγονται[xiv] αφού όλα τα στάδια παραγωγής τους πρέπει να πραγματοποιούνται σε αυτόν.[xv] Τονίζεται δε, ότι τα προϊόντα ΠΟΠ συνδέονται έντονα με συγκεκριμένες περιοχές, στις οποίες ενυπάρχουν ιδιαίτεροι φυσικοί ή ανθρώπινοι παράγοντες.[xvi] Οι φυσικοί και ανθρώπινοι παράγοντες λαμβάνουν τη μορφή μιας σειράς μεταβλητών στοιχείων όπως το κλίμα, οι γεωλογικές και υδρολογικές πτυχές, οι μέθοδοι επεξεργασίας, οι τεχνικές γνώσεις, οι παραδοσιακές δεξιότητες και τα τοπικά έθιμα.[xvii] Εξίσου, η πηγή έμπνευσης του συστήματος των ΠΟΠ είναι η ανάγκη προστασίας των καταναλωτών.[xviii] Ως εκ τούτου, το καθεστώς των ΠΟΠ επιβάλλει αυστηρές απαιτήσεις, οι οποίες εκπονούνται στις προδιαγραφές των προϊόντων.[xix]
Αντιθέτως, τα προϊόντα ΠΓΕ έχουν μία πιο χαλαρή σύνδεση με συγκεκριμένη τοποθεσία,[xx] παρά τη διατύπωση ότι τα προϊόντα πρέπει να έχουν συγκεκριμένη ποιότητα, φήμη ή άλλα χαρακτηριστικά που αποδίδονται στη γεωγραφική προέλευση,[xxi] καθώς για να χαρακτηριστεί ένα προϊόν ως προϊόν ΠΓΕ, αρκεί μία μόνο φάση της παραγωγής του να εκτελείται στην σχετική περιοχή. Συνεπώς, είναι δυνατό οι πρώτες ύλες να μην προέρχονται απ’ αυτή την περιοχή.[xxii] Παράλληλα, μόνο ο παράγοντας της φήμης είναι αρκετός για να δικαιολογήσει την προστασία ως ΠΓΕ.
Παρά τις προαναφερόμενες διαφοροποιήσεις στις προδιαγραφές κατακύρωσης ενός προϊόντος ως ΠΟΠ ή ως ΠΓΕ, διατυπώνεται και η γνώμη πως στην πρακτική εφαρμογή δεν υφίστανται ουσιαστικές διαφορές μεταξύ των αναφερόμενων συστημάτων σχετικά με την ιδιαιτερότητα και την ποιότητά τους. Προτείνεται, μάλιστα, ότι ο διαχωρισμός των δύο πρέπει να αρθεί.
Για λόγους πληρότητας, αναφέρεται πως έχουν καταχωρηθεί εξακόσια σαράντα δύο ΠΟΠ και εφτακόσια πενήντα έξι ΠΓΕ σ’ ολόκληρη την ΕΕ.[xxiii] Όσον αφορά την κυπριακή παραγωγή, ως ΠΟΠ έχει ήδη καταχωρηθεί το «κολοκάσι Σωτήρας / κολοκάσι – πούλλες Σωτήρας», ενώ ως ΠΓΕ θεωρούνται το «γλυκό τριαντάφυλλου Αγρού», το «παφίτικο λουκάνικο», η «κουφέτα αμυγδάλου Γεροσκήπου» και το «λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου».[xxiv]
Είναι γεγονός, ότι η πλειοψηφία των ονομασιών προϊόντων που απολαμβάνουν την προστασία των ΠΟΠ σχετίζονται με τη γεωγραφική ονομασία της περιοχής που παράγονται. Ενδεικτικά παραδείγματα αποτελούν τα ελληνικά προϊόντα Πευκοθυμαρόμελο Κρήτης, Γαλανό Μεταγγιτσίου Χαλκιδικής, Τοματάκι Σαντορίνης, Πράσινες Ελιές Χαλκιδικής, Φάβα Σαντορίνης και Σταφίδα Ζακύνθου.[xxv] Ωστόσο, ως ΠΟΠ δύνανται να καταχωρηθούν και ονομασίες που δεν αποτελούν άμεσες γεωγραφικές ονομασίες, όπως για παράδειγμα, η ονομασία «φέτα» ως τυρί προερχόμενο από την Ελλάδα.[xxvi]
Όσον αφορά την ονομασία «φέτα», υπήρξε έντονη διαμάχη και προβληματισμός κατά πόσον αυτό το όνομα θεωρείται ως «γενικό», δηλαδή αν είναι μια κοινή ονομασία για το είδος του τυριού.[xxvii] Δυνάμει δε, του άρθρου 3 του προγενέστερου Κανονισμού (ΕΟΚ) 2081/92 του Συμβουλίου, της 14ης Ιουλίου 1992, για την προστασία των γεωγραφικών ενδείξεων και των ονομασιών προέλευσης των γεωργικών προϊόντων και των τροφίμων, ως κοινή ονομασία θεωρείτο το όνομα ενός γεωργικού προϊόντος ή ενός τροφίμου το οποίο αν και αναφέρεται στον τόπο ή την περιοχή όπου το εν λόγω γεωργικό προϊόν ή τρόφιμο έχει παραχθεί αρχικά ή εμπορευθεί, έχει πλέον καταστεί κοινό όνομα ενός γεωργικού προϊόντος ή ενός τροφίμου. Το πόρισμα της απόφασης για τη φέτα[xxviii] ήταν καθοριστικής σημασίας. Το Δικαστήριο της ΕΕ (εφεξής ως «ΔΕΕ») αποφάνθηκε ότι παρά το γεγονός ότι η «φέτα» και παρόμοιες εκφράσεις δεν συνιστούν αφ’ εαυτών μια περιοχή, μπορούν να καταχωρηθούν ως ΠΟΠ εάν οι καταναλωτές συνδέουν το προϊόν με την συγκεκριμένη περιοχή παραγωγής. Το ΔΕΕ συνυπολόγισε διάφορα στοιχεία σχετικά με την κατανάλωση του προαναφερόμενου προϊόντος στα Κράτη Μέλη (εφεξής ως «ΚΜ»), τα οποία υποδηλώνουν ότι η ονομασία «φέτα» δεν έχει χαρακτήρα κοινής ονομασίας[xxix] και, επομένως, δύναται να αντιμετωπιστεί ως ΠΟΠ. Βασικός παράγοντας που ελήφθη υπόψη από το ΔΕΕ για να αποφασίσει υπέρ της παροχής προστασίας ΠΟΠ, αποτέλεσε το γεγονός ότι σημαντικό μέρος των Ευρωπαίων καταναλωτών, στην πραγματικότητα, αντιλαμβάνονταν την «φέτα» ως τυρί συνδεόμενο με την Ελλάδα,[xxx] έστω και αν στην πραγματικότητα είχε παραχθεί σε άλλο ΚΜ.[xxxi] Παράλληλα, το ΔΕΕ συνεκτίμησε ότι στα άλλα ΚΜ, πλην της Ελλάδας, η φέτα διατίθεται συνήθως στο εμπόριο με ετικέτες που παραπέμπουν στις ελληνικές πολιτιστικές παραδόσεις και στον ελληνικό πολιτισμό.[xxxii]
Για το λόγο αυτό, ο Γενικός Εισαγγελέας, Dāmaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, υποστήριξε πως η μνήμη του παρελθόντος επιδρά στην εκτίμηση του κατά πόσον μια ονομασία προσλαμβάνεται ως κοινή, κυρίως προκειμένου να καθοριστεί αν η ονομασία αυτή ανέκαθεν υπήρξε κοινή. Στην υπό κρίση υπόθεση, η ιστορική αναδρομή είχε μεγάλη σημασία αφού φαίνεται πως, ήδη από τα Ομηρικά έπη, η παρουσία του τυριού στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα ήταν σημαντική.
Περαιτέρω, το ΔΕΕ έλαβε υπόψη ότι στην ελληνική νομοθεσία η ονομασία «φέτα» αναγνωρίζεται ως ΠΟΠ για το λευκό τυρί άλμης που παράγεται παραδοσιακά στην Ελλάδα από γάλα πρόβειο ή μίγμα αυτού με γίδινο και αποκλειστικά στις περιοχές Μακεδονίας, Θράκης, Ηπείρου, Θεσσαλίας, Στερεάς Ελλάδας, Πελοποννήσου και του Νομού Λέσβου.[xxxiii] Υπήρξε επομένως, μια σαφώς οριοθετούμενη περιοχή για την παραγωγή της φέτας που περιλαμβάνει αποκλειστικά το ηπειρωτικό τμήμα της Ελλάδας, καθώς και τον Νομό Λέσβου.[xxxiv] Για όλους λοιπόν τους προαναφερόμενους λόγους, το ΔΕΕ κατέληξε στο συμπέρασμα ότι η ονομασία «φέτα» δεν είναι γενικής φύσης, με συνέπεια να μην επιτρέπεται σε παραγωγούς τυριών εκτός της καθορισμένης περιοχής να αναφέρουν το προϊόν τους ως «τυρί φέτα» ή «φέτα».[xxxv]
Όσον αφορά την χρήση ονομασίας «Χαλλούμι» (Halloumi)/«Hellim», είναι σημαντικό να λεχθεί ότι από το 2014 εκκρεμεί η διαδικασία για την καθιέρωσή της ως ΠΟΠ αποκλειστικά για τυρί που παράγεται από κύπριους παραγωγούς, χωρίς ωστόσο η εν λόγω διαδικασία να έχει μέχρι σήμερα ολοκληρωθεί. Ταυτοχρόνως, η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία αλλά και άλλες οντότητες όπως ο Οργανισμός Κυπριακής Γαλακτοκομικής Βιομηχανίας και το Ίδρυμα Προστασίας του Παραδοσιακού Τυριού της Κύπρου ονομαζόμενου χαλλούμι (εφεξής ως «Ίδρυμα»), καταβάλλουν προσπάθειες για να εμποδίσουν ορισμένες εταιρίες να κάνουν χρήση της ονομασίας «halloumi» ως σήμα.[xxxvi] Παράδειγμα αποτελεί η υπόθεση C-766/18 στην οποία διαφαίνεται η προσπάθεια του Ιδρύματος, στο οποίο ανήκει το ευρωπαϊκό συλλογικό σήμα «HALLOUMI», να εμποδίσει βουλγαρική εταιρία να κατοχυρώσει εικονιστικό σήμα που επίσης, αφορά τυρί και περιέχει τη λέξη «BBQLOUMI».[xxxvii]
Αξίζει να αναφερθεί ότι η ΓΕ, Juliane Kokott, ασπάζεται τη θέση τόσο του EUIPO (Γραφείο Διανοητικής Ιδιοκτησίας της ΕΕ) όσο και του Γενικού Δικαστηρίου της ΕΕ, σύμφωνα με την οποία υποστηρίζεται ότι ο διακριτικός χαρακτήρας του όρου «HALLOUMI» είναι ασθενής, επειδή περιγράφει το εν λόγω τυρί.[xxxviii] Επομένως, παρά την κάποια ομοιότητα των όρων «HALLOUMI» και «BBQLOUMI», η χρήση του τελευταίου ονόματος δεν εμπεριέχει κίνδυνο να συσχετιστεί από το ενδιαφερόμενο κοινό με τους παραγωγούς που αποτελούν μέλη του Ιδρύματος.[xxxix] Ωστόσο, η απόφαση του ΓΔΕΕ, ανατράπηκε από το ΔΕΕ στις 5 Μαρτίου του 2020,[xl] σύμφωνα με το οποίο, το γεγονός ότι ο διακριτικός χαρακτήρας προγενέστερου σήματος είναι ασθενής δεν αποκλείει την ύπαρξη κινδύνου συγχύσεως. Συνεπεία αυτού, αναπέμφθηκε η απόφαση πίσω στο ΓΔΕΕ έτσι ώστε να προβεί σε σφαιρική εκτίμηση του κινδύνου συγχύσεως, η οποία θα πρέπει να λαμβάνει υπόψη το σύνολο των κρίσιμων παραγόντων και τη μεταξύ τους αλληλεξάρτηση.
Ενδιαφέρουσα δε, κρίνεται η σύγκριση του συλλογικού σήματος «DARJEELING» με το συλλογικό σήμα «HALLOUMI» από την ΓΕ Juliane Kokott, η οποία σημείωσε ότι το συλλογικό σήμα «DARJEELING» αποτελεί ένα έξοχο παράδειγμα εφαρμογής του συλλογικού ευρωπαϊκού σήματος επειδή αντιστοιχεί σε όνομα πόλης και περιοχής της Ινδίας και ταυτοχρόνως ταυτίζεται με το φημισμένο μαύρο τσάι που καλλιεργείται εκεί.[xli] Σε αντιδιαστολή, το σήμα «HALLOUMI» δεν αντιστοιχεί σε ονομασία συγκεκριμένου τόπου, αλλά δύναται να συσχετισθεί μόνον με έναν τόπο, δηλαδή με την Κύπρο, και αυτό υπό αμφισβήτηση αφού φαίνεται πως τέτοιου είδους τυριά παράγονται και σ’ άλλες χώρες, συχνά υπό τις ίδιες ή παρόμοιες ονομασίες.[xlii] Υποστηρίζεται δε, πως η απόλαυση του συστήματος ΠΟΠ δίδεται σε μια ολόκληρη χώρα μόνο «σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις» και κυρίως όταν το ΚΜ είναι μικρού μεγέθους.[xliii] Διαμέσου αυτής της σύγκρισης, εύλογα θα μπορούσε να λεχθεί ότι θα υπήρχαν μεγαλύτερες πιθανότητες έγκρισης της αίτησης για την ονομασία «Χαλλούμι» (Halloumi) / «Hellim» ως ΠΟΠ, εάν το προϊόν με την εν λόγω ονομασία περιοριζόταν σε συγκεκριμένες περιοχές της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας και όχι σ’ όλη την επικράτειά της.
Σε περίπτωση δε αποτυχίας για καταχώρηση του χαλλουμιού ως ΠΟΠ, η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία μπορεί να λάβει τα κατάλληλα μέτρα προκειμένου να προστατεύσει το εν λόγω προϊόν υπό το καθεστώς των ΠΓΕ. Ωστόσο, η παροχή προστασίας υπό το συγκεκριμένο καθεστώς θα είναι μικρότερης εμβέλειας, καθώς το προϊόν θα έχει μια ασθενή σύνδεση με την Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και αυτό θα έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την ενθάρρυνση άλλων παραγωγών, εκτός της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, να καρπώνονται τη φήμη του προϊόντος με την μόνη υποχρέωση να διεκπεραιώνουν μόνο ένα στάδιο της παραγωγής εντός της οριοθετημένης περιοχής.
Θεωρείται αδιαμφισβήτητο
ότι η ΕΕ έχει διαμορφώσει ένα σημαντικό σύστημα προστασίας των ευρωπαϊκών προϊόντων.
Έντονη ωστόσο διαμάχη παρατηρείται, κατά την προσπάθεια κατοχύρωσης μιας
απόλυτης προστασίας προς όφελος του κυπριακού τυριού «Χαλλούμι» από την
Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και από κυπριακές οργανώσεις και ιδρύματα. Ως απόρροια των
προαναφερθέντων, η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία οφείλει να προβεί άμεσα στη διεκπεραίωση
ενεργειών που εξασφαλίζουν την ισχυρή προστασία του χαλλουμιού και κατ’
επέκταση, της παράδοσης της. Έχει δε υποχρέωση, να εντείνει τις πολιτικές
διαπραγματεύσεις και να συλλέξει τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία που αποδεικνύουν την
προέλευση του εν λόγου προϊόντος, ώστε να εγκριθεί ως ΠΟΠ ή ως ΠΓΕ. Παράλληλα, θα
πρέπει μέσω πολιτικών πρωτοβουλιών να συνάψει διμερείς συνθήκες με ΚΜ της ΕΕ
αλλά και τρίτα Κράτη, οι οποίες θα αναγνωρίζουν την κυπριακή προέλευση του
χαλλουμιού και θα διασφαλίζουν την θωράκιση της ποιότητας του και κατ’ επέκταση
της κυπριακής παράδοσης.
[i] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) 2017/1001 του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και Συμβουλίου, της 14ης Ιουνίου 2017, για το σήμα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.
[ii] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012 του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και Συμβουλίου, της 21ης Νοεμβρίου 2012, για τα συστήματα ποιότητας των γεωργικών προϊόντων και τροφίμων.
[iii] M. Gragnani, ‘The EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs’ (2013) 8 Eur Food & Feed L Rev, 377
[iv] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, άρθρο 5(1).
[v] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, άρθρο 5(2).
[vi] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, άρθρο 17.
[vii] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, άρθρο 27.
[viii] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, άρθρο 13.
[ix] X. Wang, ‘Absolute protection for geographical indications: protectionism or justified rights?’ (2018) 8 (2) Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 81
[x] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, αιτιολογική σκέψη 17
[xi] Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) αριθ. 1151/2012, αιτιολογική σκέψη 18.
[xii] P. Munzinger, ‘Blue jeans and other GIs: an overview of protection systems for geographical indications’, (2012) 7 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, No. 4, 287.
[xiii] M. Gragnani, ‘The EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs’ (2013) 8 Eur Food & Feed L Rev, 378.
[xiv] Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή «Quality schemes explained» (2019)
Europa.eu reference
[xv] T. Jovanić and M. Cogoljević and D. Pejović, ‘Buy national, campaigns and food country of origin labelling – EU legal framework and its relevance for Serbia’ (2018) 1293.
[xvi] H. V. J. Moir, ‘Understanding EU trade policy on geographical indications’ (2017) 12th Annual epip Conference: Claims on Area: The geography-IP interface, University of Bordeaux, 5.
[xvii] M. Gragnani, ‘The EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs’ (2013) 8 Eur Food & Feed L Rev, 378.
[xviii] H. V. J. Moir, ‘Understanding EU trade policy on geographical indications’ (2017) 12th Annual epip Conference: Claims on Area: The geography-IP interface, University of Bordeaux, 4.
[xix] T. Jovanić and M. Cogoljević and D. Pejović, ‘Buy national, campaigns and food country of origin labelling – EU legal framework and its relevance for Serbia’ (2018) 1293.
[xx] M. Gragnani, ‘The EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs’ (2013) 8 Eur Food & Feed L Rev, 378.
[xxi] H. V. J. Moir, ‘Understanding EU trade policy on geographical indications’ (2017) 12th Annual epip Conference: Claims on Area: The geography-IP interface, University of Bordeaux, 4.
[xxii] M. Gragnani, ‘The EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs’ (2013) 8 Eur Food & Feed L Rev, 378.
[xxiii] Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή «Agriculture and food» (2019)
Europa.eu reference
[xxiv] Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή «Agriculture and food» (2019)
Europa.eu reference
[xxv] Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή «Agriculture and food» (2019)
Europa.eu reference
[xxvi] B. O’Connor, ‘Sui Generis Protection of Geographical Indications’ (2004) 9 Drake J Agric L, 363.
[xxvii] M. Omachi, ‘A Tale of Two Approaches: Analysis of Responses to EU’s FTA Initiatives on Geographical Indications (GIS)’ (2019) 18 Chi-Kent J Intell Prop, 158.
[xxviii] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636.
[xxix] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψη 88.
[xxx] A. Profeta and R. Balling and V. Schoene and A. Wirsig, ‘The Protection of Origins for Agricultural Products and Foods in Europe: Status Quo, Problems and Policy Recommendations for the Green Book’ (2009) 12 J World Intell Prop 628.
[xxxi] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψη 87.
[xxxii] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψη 87.
[xxxiii] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψη 87.
[xxxiv] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψη 53.
[xxxv] Συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις C-465/02 και C-466/02, Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας (C-465/02) και Βασίλειο της Δανίας (C-466/02) κατά Επιτροπής των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, (2005) ECLI:EU:C:2005:636, σκέψεις 1187, 88, 100.
[xxxvi] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 1.
[xxxvii] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 2.
[xxxviii] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 3.
[xxxix] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 3.
[xl] C-766/18 P – Foundation for the Protection of the Traditional Cheese of Cyprus named Halloumi κατά EUIP, ECLI:EU:C:2020:170.
[xli] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 59.
[xlii] Προτάσεις της Γενικής Εισαγγελέα, Juliane Kokott, της 17ης Οκτωβρίου 2019, ECLI:EU:C:2019:881, σκέψη 69.
[xliii] Προτάσεις του Γενικού Εισαγγελέα Damaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, της 10ης Μαΐου 2005, ECLI:EU:C:2005:276, σκέψη 33.
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Sport parenting is a phase in life that most parents go through; it could be that their child has decided to take on soccer, swimming or tennis practice after school, or even pursue a career in sport. Whatever the chosen field and level of involvement of the child, parents play an important role in how young athletes evolve throughout their sporting journey. Sport parents will not only have to drive their child to (and be present during) practice, competitions and tournaments, but they are also there to offer emotional support and encourage their child to realize their potential in a healthy manner.
It is widely accepted that psychological strength and emotional wellbeing are vital for the success of young athletes; evidently, the parent will play a crucial role in this. However, a parent should not get caught up in their child’s sport experience and lose perspective.
It is true that parents do not like to see their children fail or be disappointed, but their desire to see their child succeed and be perfect may add unnecessary pressure, negatively impacting the child’s wellbeing and consequently their sport performance. Unfortunately, some sporting parents end up treating their child’s sport as an investment, expecting something in return; when a parent’s self-worth is based on the child’s success, this will result in parents being pushy. There is a fine line between being pushy and being supportive, and care must be taken to find the right balance in order to both maintain a healthy relationship with their child, but also to allow the young athlete to develop values that will contribute to their future success.
Rather than being pushy, sporting parents should support, encourage, advise their children as to how to handle situations that they have not previously encountered (e.g. performance anxiety, competition setbacks etc.) and teach them good sportsmanship by conveying values such as fairness, respect for other athletes and accepting losses gracefully. In order to strike the right balance between being supportive while not being pushy, a parent may consider the below:
As a sporting parent, it is important to be there for your child, and convey the right message, which has been best laid out by Deloris Jordan, mother of basketball legend Michael Jordan: “You have to apply yourself and work hard. And when you work hard and do not expect anyone to give you anything, you can be successful. You may not reach the goals that you set for yourself, but you can walk off the court saying I feel good about who I am because I gave it my best”.
Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC) 6 – EC DIRECTIVE 2018/822/EU (25.5.2018)
European Council Directive 2018/822/EU of May 25, 2018 (DAC 6) represents the biggest shake-up of rules on automatic exchange of information (AEOI) in the EU since the imposition of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) back in 2014.
However, unlike the CRS and DAC Volumes1 to 5 which have hitherto targeted financial institutions DAC Volume 6 has its focus on mandating disclosure of Reportable Cross Border Tax Arrangements from “intermediaries” involved in cross-border tax arrangements with their clients.
Many intermediaries, including law firms, accountants and auditors, have until now broadly not needed to report tax information periodically since they fall outside the “financial institution” definition under the CRS.
This is all about to end.
The European Commission has made it clear that it sees intermediaries at the heart of aggressive tax planning and is therefore seeking mandatory disclosure from them.
The International Aspect – Jurisdictions Outside Europe
The OECD will no doubt follow for non-EU jurisdictions.
It is clear that mandatory disclosure requirements are on the increase the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) is going to follow the European Commission in the imposition of enhanced mandatory disclosure requirements for cross-border transactions.
The EU Perspective
What is DAC 6?
“DAC 6” stands for the Directive on Administrative Cooperation in (direct) taxation in the EU, volume 6.
It operates as the sixth amendment to the long-running series of directives designed to encourage cross-border information exchange in the EU. The CRS, for example, was implemented in the EU in 2014 under “DAC 2.”
DAC 6 is the part of the DAC series which provides for mandatory disclosure of reportable cross-border tax arrangements (RCBAs).
The background for the implementation of DAC 6 by the EU is of course the ongoing international tug-of-war between the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) under its framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), in particular Action Plan 12, and the ever-growing prominence of low or no tax international financial hubs that look to the increasing commoditization of international finance.
Standard principles of EU law require that EU Directives such as the DAC 6 Directive be implemented by member states through local laws in order to be locally applicable.
DAC 6 has been in force across the EU and reports as described in the directive would have been due as from 1st July 2020 with the obligation to report cross border arrangements occurring post June 25, 2018, which was the 20th day following publication of DAC 6 in the EU’s Official Journal.
On 24th June 2020 following informal agreement reached by EU member states the EU Council announced that the EU will give EU member states an extended time period to comply with DAC 6 requirements.
The reason given for this is the impact of the coronavirus pandemic.
In reality however, if the EU were to be totally honest, if there can ever be a convenient time for a global pandemic for DAC 6 this was it. The initial deadlines of 1st July 2020 for reporting cross border arrangements and 31st August 2021 for reporting historical cross border arrangements (from 25th June 2018 to 30th June 2020) was looking an increasingly onerous obligation, that would have been almost impossible to comply with and enforce. The extended dates of 1st January 2021 and 28th February 2021 respectively still appear to be optimistic, but with rigorous education and application an acceptable degree of compliance may be achievable.
The Disclosure Requirement under DAC 6.
It is important to note that DAC 6 implementation applies as from the date of publication of the DAC 6 directive in the EU Official Journal which was 25th June 2018.
Under DAC 6 “intermediaries” are subject to reporting requirements.
An intermediary is any legal or natural person:
Intermediaries that are involved in that way with RCBAs must report information on the RCBA to their tax authorities: it is here that DAC 6 resembles a form of AEOI similar to the CRS. There will then be automatic exchange of that information with other EU tax authorities.
In certain situations, the obligation to report can fall on the taxpayer itself. Taxpayer’s obligation to report arises where an intermediary is a non-EU person (which is narrowly defined), where no intermediary is involved—such as where an RCBA is arranged in-house—or where an intermediary does not disclose owing to legal professional privilege.
The question of whether a professional intermediary who is involved but who may be precluded from reporting by applying legal professional privilege is under an obligation to ensure that reportable cross border arrangements that they have been involved in is a legal moot point.
What is a Reportable Cross-Border Arrangement?
An arrangement will be considered “cross-border” where at least one of the participants is based in the EU (and regardless of the location of other participants). Therefore, in theory if one participant is in the EU, say London, another in North America, another in Hong Kong and another in Mexico the arrangement may be “reportable”.
An arrangement may be “reportable” where it contains at least one of “hallmarks” outlined below. The Hallmarks are loosely designed as indicators of presumed aggressive tax avoidance by the EU.
The hallmarks are themselves broken down into five sub-categories:
Certain hallmarks will only be satisfied if an additional “main benefit test” is satisfied. To satisfy the test, one of the main objectives of the arrangement must be to obtain a tax advantage.
As will be appreciated, the above tests are not only imprecisely drafted but require a significant degree of judgment to determine if they apply.
If one considers the possibility of national competent authorities across the EU taking different views it is inevitable that there will be a patchwork approach to enforcement.
What Happens if there are Multiple Intermediaries?
This will frequently be the case, and in many cases arrangements will involve more than one EU country. DAC 6 has painted a picture of an ideal world where all the intermediaries cooperate with one another and take the same view on what is reportable, and where a single intermediary is charged with the reporting. DAC 6 fails to set out a strict reporting regime.
It is clearly unsafe and imprudent for any business engaged in cross-border business to leave reporting to chance and to risk non-compliance and investigations.
As lawyers we must impress upon our clients that it is in their interests to take a strong lead in coordinating the DAC 6 reporting exercise.
It is clear that at times the presence of multiple intermediaries is likely to lead to multiple reporting. In such cases care must be taken for the reporting to be consistent.
Exemptions from DAC 6 Reporting Requirements
The Wider Implications of Increased Mandatory Reporting
DAC 6 aims to ensure that the disclosure of information on reportable arrangements in the EU occurs in a harmonized manner. The level of detail that will be requested and the interpretation of the “Hallmarks” will determine the level of information that tax departments and ultimately the EU Commission will receive from intermediaries. The fear is that the information that may be required in terms of disclosure will ultimately have little, if anything, to do with harmonized tax reporting, but may be used in an infinite number of ways.
What Does DAC6 Mean for Cyprus Legal and Accountacy Professionals – Make or Break?
Despite the fact that for a number of years now Cyprus has been fully, if not over compliant with all relevant EU regulations in relation to both financial reporting and compliance, it is still is still, unfairly, viewed and indeed referred to as a “tax haven”. This is a picture that envious rival economies in both Europe and abroad like to disparage Cyprus.
In truth Cyprus is not a tax haven. It is a cost – effective jurisdiction that allows companies of substance to operate their businesses in a fully compliant and extremely tax efficient manner and to benefit from one of the lowest, if not the lowest corporate tax rates in the world. That is the key competitive advantage of Cyprus.
Europe is however inexorably moving to the introduction of full and transparent disclosure of cross border arrangements and to a Europe-wide uniform taxation system.
DAC 6 is another step in this direction, and it comes at the same time as the decision of the Russian Federation to revise its double tax treaty with Cyprus and it adds another compliance measure and an extra layer of costs to burden the “intermediary” and the client.
Cyprus will come under pressure to enforce DAC 6 rigourously. This is yet another challenge that the Cyprus services sector will face in the next few years and one that it will need to face and overcome.
The method and manner of national enforcement DAC 6 is a challenge that must be taken up by our Government and by our professional associations with a view to avoiding a repetition of the compliance fiasco that we are enduring with our banking system, where it is now easier to open a bank account for a client in Switzerland than it is in Cyprus.
The approach that Cyprus will take must be business focused and must be geared at retaining and increasing and enhancing business rather than making it more difficult for business to remain in and transact through Cyprus.
Legal professional privilege must be supported and insisted on by Government as an exemption to the reporting requirements of Cyprus in relation to DAC 6.